Pā kila

He kila pālahalaha ia i hoʻolei ʻia me ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a kaomi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana.
He pālahalaha, ʻehā a hiki ke ʻōwili pololei ʻia a ʻoki ʻia paha mai nā ʻāpana kila ākea.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pā kila e like me ka mānoanoa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pā kila lahilahi ma mua o 4 mm (ʻo ka thinnest ʻo 0.2 mm), ʻo ka pā kila ma waena o 4-60 mm, a ʻo ka pā kila keu 60-115. mm.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana kila i ka ʻōwili wela a me ke anuanu e like me ka ʻōwili.
ʻO 500 ~ 1500 mm ka laulā o ka pā lahilahi; ʻO ka laulā o ka pepa mānoanoa he 600 ~ 3000 mm. Hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā pepa e keʻano kila, e like me ke kila maʻamau, ke kila kiʻekiʻe, ke kila kila, ke kila puna, ke kila kila, ke kila mea hana, ke kila pale wela, ke kila kila, ke kila silika a me kaʻoihana hao maʻemaʻe, etc.; Enamel pā, bulletproof pā, etc. E like me ka ili ili, aia nā galvanized pepa, tin-plated pepa, kepau-plated pepa, plastic composite kila pā, etc.
Ke kila kila haʻahaʻa
(ʻike pū ʻia ʻo ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maʻamau, HSLA)
1. Manao
Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā alahaka, nā moku, nā kaʻa, nā paila, nā kīʻaha kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻaila a me nā pipeline gas, nā hale kila nui, etc.
2. Nā koi hana
(1) ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe: ʻoi aku ka nui o kona ikaika ma luna o 300MPa.
(2) Paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe: koi ʻia ka elongation e 15% a 20%, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hopena ma ka lumi wela ma mua o 600kJ/m a 800kJ/m. No nā ʻāpana welded nui, koi ʻia ka paʻakikī haʻi kiʻekiʻe.
(3) Ka hana kuʻihao maikaʻi a me ka hana anuanu.
(4) Haʻahaʻa anu-brittle hoʻololi wela.
(5) Ke kū'ē i ka corrosion maikaʻi.
3. Nā hiʻohiʻona meaʻai
(1) Ke kalapona haʻahaʻa: Ma muli o nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka paʻakikī, weldability a me ke anuanu formability, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 0.20%.
(2) Hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui i ka manganese.
(3) Hoʻohui i nā mea kōkua e like me ka niobium, titanium a i ʻole vanadium: kahi liʻiliʻi o niobium, titanium a i ʻole vanadium e hana i nā carbide maikaʻi a i ʻole carbonitrides i ke kila, kahi mea e pono ai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hua ferrite maikaʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila.
Eia kekahi, hoʻohui i kahi liʻiliʻi o ke keleawe (≤0.4%) a me ka phosphorus (ma kahi o 0.1%) hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea honua hiki ke desulfurize a degas, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kila, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ke kaʻina hana.
4. Hoʻohana mau ʻia ke kila kila haʻahaʻa
ʻO 16Mn ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa i koʻu ʻāina. ʻO ka hale i hoʻohana ʻia he ferrite-pearlite maikaʻi, a ʻo kona ikaika ma kahi o 20% a 30% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila kila Q235 maʻamau, a ʻo kona kūpaʻa corrosion o ka lewa he 20% a 38% kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO 15MnVN ke kila i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kila ikaika waena. Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi, ka weldability a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wela, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā hale nui e like me nā alahaka, nā paila, a me nā moku.
Ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikaika ma mua o 500MPa, paʻakikī nā hale ferrite a me ka pearlite e hoʻokō i nā koi, no laila ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kila bainitic haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cr, Mo, Mn, B a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mea maikaʻi ia e loaʻa ai ka hoʻolālā bainite ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻoluʻu ea, i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plasticity a me ka hana welding, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā boilers kiʻekiʻe. , nā moku kiʻekiʻe, etc.
5. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mālama wela
Hoʻohana maʻamau kēia ʻano kila i kahi kūlana wela a me ka ea a ʻaʻole koi i ka mālama wela kūikawā. ʻO ka microstructure i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ka ferrite + sorbite.
Alloy carburized kila
1. Manao
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka hana ʻana i nā mīkini hoʻoili i nā kaʻa a me nā tractors, camshafts, piston pins a me nā ʻāpana mīkini ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko. Loaʻa ia mau ʻāpana i ka haʻalulu ikaika a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i ka wā o ka hana, a i ka manawa like e halihali i nā ukana ʻokoʻa nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ukana hopena.
2. Nā koi hana
(1) He kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī o ka papa carburized i mea e hōʻoia ai i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa luhi, a me ka plasticity kūpono a me ka paʻakikī.
(2) He kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe. Ke lawaʻole ka paʻakikī o ke kumu, ua maʻalahi ka haʻihaʻi ma lalo o ka hana o ka hoʻouka hopena a iʻole ke kaumaha; i ka lawa ole o ka ikaika, e nahaha maalahi ka papa carburized palupalu.
(3) Hana maikaʻi ka hana ʻana i ka wela ma lalo o ka mahana carburizing kiʻekiʻe (900 ℃ ~ 950 ℃), ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ulu ʻana o nā hua austenite a paʻakikī maikaʻi.
3. Nā hiʻohiʻona meaʻai
(1) ʻO ke kalapona haʻahaʻa: ʻo ka maʻi kalapona ka maʻamau 0.10% a 0.25%, no laila ua lawa ka palaki a me ka paʻakikī o ke kumu o ka ʻāpana.
(2) Hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī: Cr, Ni, Mn, B, etc.
(3) Hoʻohui i nā mea e keʻakeʻa ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua austenite: e hoʻohui i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā carbide ikaika e hana ana i nā mea Ti, V, W, Mo, etc.
4. Ke kila kila a me ka papa
20Cr haʻahaʻa hardenability alloy carburized kila. ʻO kēia ʻano kila he haʻahaʻa paʻakikī a haʻahaʻa ka ikaika kumu.
20CrMnTi mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa paʻa i ke kila carburized. ʻO kēia ʻano kila he kiʻekiʻe hardenability, haʻahaʻa overheating sensitivity, ʻano like ʻole carburizing transition layer, a me nā waiwai mechanical a me nā ʻenehana maikaʻi.
18Cr2Ni4WA a me 20Cr2Ni4A kiʻekiʻe hardenability alloy carburized kila. ʻO kēia ʻano kila ka nui o nā mea e like me Cr a me Ni, he kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī, a he paʻakikī maikaʻi a me ka hopena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
5. Hoʻoponopono wela a me nā waiwai microstructure
ʻO ke kaʻina hana wela o ka alloy carburized steel e hoʻopau pololei ma hope o ka carburizing, a laila hoʻomāmā i ka wela haʻahaʻa. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, ʻo ke ʻano o ka papa carburized ʻili he alloy cementite + tempered martensite + kahi liʻiliʻi o ka austenite paʻa, a ʻo ka paʻakikī ʻo 60HRC ~ 62HRC. ʻO ka hoʻolālā kumu e pili ana i ka paʻakikī o ke kila a me ka nui o ke keʻa o nā ʻāpana. Ke paʻakikī loa, he haʻahaʻa-carbon tempered martensite me ka paʻakikī o 40HRC a 48HRC; i ka hapanui o na hihia, he troostite, tempered martensite a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hao. ʻO ke kino kumu, ʻo ka paʻakikī ka 25HRC ~ 40HRC. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka puʻuwai ma mua o 700KJ/m2.
ʻO ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ke kila ʻoluʻolu
1. Manao
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Alloy quenched and tempered steel i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā kaʻa, nā tractors, nā mīkini mīkini a me nā mīkini ʻē aʻe, e like me nā gears, shafts, connecting rods, bolts, etc.
2. Nā koi hana
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia a me nā ʻāpana e halihali i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, paʻakikī ke kūlana koʻikoʻi, a koi ʻia nā waiwai mechanical piha kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka plasticity maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī. ʻO ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e pono ai ka hardenability maikaʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a ʻokoʻa nā koi no ka hardenability.
3. Nā hiʻohiʻona meaʻai
(1) Kapona kalapona: ʻo ka maʻiʻo kalapona ma waena o 0.25% a me 0.50%, me 0.4% ka nui;
(2) Hoʻohui i nā mea Cr, Mn, Ni, Si, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī: Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka paʻakikī, hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻohui ke hana i ka ferrite alloy a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o ke kila. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana o 40Cr kila ma hope o ka hoʻopauʻana a me ka hoʻonāukiʻana i ke kila ma mua o ka 45 kila;
(3) Hoʻohui i nā mea e pale ai i ke ʻano lua o ka haʻalulu huhū: ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ke kila wela i loaʻa iā Ni, Cr, a me Mn, ka mea i maʻalahi i ke ʻano ʻelua o ka huhū i ka wā o ka wela wela a me ka hoʻomaha mālie. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana iā Mo a me W i ke kila hiki ke pale i ke ʻano lua o ka palupalu huhū, a ʻo kāna ʻike kūpono ma kahi o 0.15% -0.30% Mo a i ʻole 0.8% -1.2% W.
Hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai o 45 kila a me 40Cr kila ma hope o ke kinai ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana
ʻO ke kūlana kila a me ka mālama wela ka nui o ka ʻāpana/ mm sb/ MPa ss/MPa d5/ % y/% ak/kJ/m2
45 kila 850 ℃ kinai wai, 550 ℃ hoʻoheheʻe f50 700 500 15 45 700
40Cr kila 850 ℃ aila kinai ʻana, 570 ℃ hoʻomaʻamaʻa f50 (core) 850 670 16 58 1000
4. Ke kila kila a me ka papa
(1) 40Cr low hardenability quenched and tempered steel: ʻO ke anawaena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻaila kinai o kēia ʻano kila he 30mm a 40mm, i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka nui ākea.
(2) 35CrMo medium hardenability alloy quenched and tempered steel: the critical diameter of oil quenching of this type of steel is 40mm to 60mm. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka molybdenum ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka paʻakikī, akā ke pale pū i ke ʻano lua o ka brittleness huhū.
(3) 40CrNiMo kiʻekiʻe hardenability alloy quenched a me ka tempered kila: ke anawaena koʻikoʻi o ka aila quenching o keia ano o ke kila, he 60mm-100mm, ka hapa nui o ia mea he chromium-nickel kila. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka molybdenum kūpono i ke kila chromium-nickel ʻaʻole wale ka paʻakikī maikaʻi, akā e hoʻopau pū i ke ʻano lua o ka huhū huhū.
5. Hoʻoponopono wela a me nā waiwai microstructure
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela hope loa o ka alloy quenched a me tempered steel e hoʻopau a me ka wela wela kiʻekiʻe (quenching and tempering). Alloy quenched and tempered steel has high hardenability, a hoʻohana mau ʻia ka ʻaila. Ke nui loa ka paʻakikī, hiki ke hoʻoluʻolu ʻia i ka ea, hiki ke hōʻemi i nā hemahema lapaʻau wela.
ʻO nā mea hope loa o ka alloy quenched and tempered steel e pili ana i ka mahana wela. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ka tempering ma 500 ℃-650 ℃. Ma ke kohoʻana i ka mahana wela, hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai i makemakeʻia. I mea e pale aku ai i ke ano lua o ka hu'ihu'i, 'o ka ho'olu'u wikiwiki 'ana (ka ho'olu'u wai a i 'ole ka 'aila ho'olu'u) ma hope o ka ho'ohenehene 'ana he mea pono ia i ka ho'omaika'i 'ana i ka pa'akikī.
ʻO ka microstructure o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela maʻamau he sorbite. No nā ʻāpana e koi ana i nā ʻili pale ʻaʻahu (e like me nā gears a me nā spindles), hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka ʻili mehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻili he martensite tempered. Hiki i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili ke hiki i 55HRC ~ 58HRC.
ʻO ka ikaika o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ke kila kila ma hope o ke kinai ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma kahi o 800MPa, a ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka hopena he 800kJ / m2, a hiki i ka paʻakikī o ke kumu ke hiki i 22HRC ~ 25HRC. Inā nui ka nui o ke keʻa a ʻaʻole paʻakikī, hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hana.